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Ms. Que BanhMelchora Aquino (January 6, 1812 – February 19, 1919) was a <a href="https://beige.party/tags/Filipino" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Filipino</a> revolutionary. Aquino was known as "Tandang Sora" (tandang means "old") because of her old age during the <a href="https://beige.party/tags/Philippine" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Philippine</a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/Revolution" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Revolution</a> (1896-1899). She was known by Philippine revolutionary soldiers as Tandang Sora, an acknowledgement of her wisdom & seniority. She was considered a Filipino counterpart to British nurse, Florence Nightingale. She was also known as the "Grand Woman of the Revolution" & "Mother of Balintawak" for her contributions.Aquino was born on the feast of the Epiphany & named after Melchior, one of the Three Wise Men. She was the daughter of peasants, Juan & Valentina Aquino & she never attended school. Yet, she was literate at an early age. Also talented as a singer. She performed at community events & at Mass for church. She was often chosen for the role of Reyna Elena during the "Santacruzan", a big pageant commemorating Empress Helen's finding of the Cross of Christ, celebrated in the <a href="https://beige.party/tags/Philippines" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Philippines</a> in May.Her husband, Fulgencio Ramos, a cabeza de barrio (village chief) died when their youngest child was 7 & she was left as a single parent for their 6 children. Tandang Sora continued life as an hermana mayor, active in celebrating fiestas, baptisms & weddings. She worked hard to give her children an education. She became a self taught nurse & her medical services helped to save many lives during the Philippine Revolution.Aquino operated a store, which became refuge for revolutionaries. In 1896, when she was 84 years old, the Philippine revolution began. Her store served as a make-shift hospital where she provided medical care for sick/wounded revolutionists. She also provided food, shelter, encouragement, and prayers for the soldiers, even hosting 1,000 men in her home’s yard during the Cry of Balintawak. Secret meetings of the <a href="https://beige.party/tags/Katipuneros" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Katipuneros</a> ( <a href="https://beige.party/tags/AntiColonialism" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#AntiColonialism</a> revolutionaries) were often held at her house. She & her son, Juan Ramos, were present in the Cry of Balintawak & witnessed the tearing up of the cedulas(Spanish issued ID papers).When the <a href="https://beige.party/tags/Spaniards" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Spaniards</a> learned about her activities & her knowledge to the whereabouts of the Katipuneros, she was arrested by guardia civil on August 29, 1896. She was held captive in the house of a cabeza de barangay of Pasong Putik, Novaliches. Then transferred to Bilibid Prison in Manila. While in prison, she was interrogated & refused to divulge information. She was deported to Guam, Marianas Islands by Governor General Ramón Blanco. In Guam, she & a woman named Segunda Puentes were placed under house arrest in the residence of a Don Justo Dungca.After the United States took control of the Philippines in 1898, Tandang Sora, like other exiles, returned to the Philippines in 1903. She later became an active member of the Philippine Independent Church.She died at her daughter Saturnina's house in Banlat on February 19, 1919, at the age of 107. She received full state honors after her death. After years of being unnoticed for her efforts in the revolution. Her remains were first interred at the Mausoleum of the Veterans of the Revolution at the Manila South Cemetery. These were then transferred to the Himlayang Pilipino Memorial Park in Quezon City in 1970 & finally at the Tandang Sora National Shrine in 2012.Ref: "The Tandang Sora bicentennial". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. February 26, 2021Ref: Doran, Christine (1998). "Women in the Philippine Revolution". Philippine Studies. JSTOR 42634272 <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42634272" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" translate="no" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/42634272</a>Ref: <a href="https://filipiknow.net/surprising-facts-about-melchora-aquino/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" translate="no" target="_blank">https://filipiknow.net/surprising-facts-about-melchora-aquino/</a>Ref: Kirstin Olsen, ed. (1994). Chronology of women's history. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313288036Ref: Augusto V. de Viana, "In the Far Islands,: The Role of Natives from the Philippines in the Conquest, Colonization and Repopulation of the Mariana Islands. 2004.Ref: Isagani R. Medina, "Melchora Aquino Wife of Fulgencio Ramos," In: Women in the Philippine Revolution, Rafaelita Hilario Soriano, ed. Quezon City: Printon Press, 1995.Photos are from Wikimedia Commons.<a href="https://beige.party/tags/AsianMastodon" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#AsianMastodon</a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/TootSEA" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#TootSEA</a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/SouthEastAsiaHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#SouthEastAsiaHistory</a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/PhillipinesHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#PhillipinesHistory</a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/ColonialismInAsia" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#ColonialismInAsia</a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/FilipinoRevolutionaries" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#FilipinoRevolutionaries</a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/WomenOfTheResistance" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#WomenOfTheResistance</a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/RevolutionaryWomen" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#RevolutionaryWomen</a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/FilipinoWomen" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#FilipinoWomen</a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/FilipinoHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#FilipinoHistory</a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/PhillipineRevolution" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#PhillipineRevolution</a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/GlobalSouth" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#GlobalSouth</a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/AsianHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#AsianHistory</a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/HistoricalFigures" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#HistoricalFigures</a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/AsianWomen" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#AsianWomen</a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/AsianRevolutionaries" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#AsianRevolutionaries</a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/Nurses" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Nurses</a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/NurturingAsResistance" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#NurturingAsResistance</a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/SoftPowerStrength" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#SoftPowerStrength</a>

Ms. Que BanhOne of many earlier <a href="https://beige.party/tags/British" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#British</a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/ColonialCrimes" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#ColonialCrimes</a> in <a href="https://beige.party/tags/SouthEastAsia" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#SouthEastAsia</a>. The <a href="https://beige.party/tags/BriggsPlan" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#BriggsPlan</a> in <a href="https://beige.party/tags/Malaysia" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Malaysia</a>.The Nazi regime during WWII forever gave the term <a href="https://beige.party/tags/ConcentrationCamp" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#ConcentrationCamp</a> a name symbolic of <a href="https://beige.party/tags/atrocity" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#atrocity</a>, so when British <a href="https://beige.party/tags/colonizers" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#colonizers</a> once again visited the idea of <a href="https://beige.party/tags/ForcedRelocation" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#ForcedRelocation</a> of <a href="https://beige.party/tags/IndigenousPeoples" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#IndigenousPeoples</a> to isolate them they needed another name for the enclaves. They came up with <a href="https://beige.party/tags/NewVillages" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#NewVillages</a>. The New Villages were created under the Briggs Plan, which was developed to combat the communist insurgency in <a href="https://beige.party/tags/Malaya" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Malaya</a> during the 1950 <a href="https://beige.party/tags/MalayanEmergency" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#MalayanEmergency</a>. The plan was prepared by Sir Harold Briggs, a British General who was the Director of Operations in Malaya.<a href="https://beige.party/tags/Britain" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Britain</a> lost the Malayan Peninsula and their fortress at Singapore to the Japanese during WWII and reoccupied their former dominion after the fall of Japan. Among the many difficulties the British encountered was the presence of roughly a half-million <a href="https://beige.party/tags/Chinese" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Chinese</a> in rural Malaya, most working as farmers working small plots of land for their own sustenance on land they did not own or lease. The British administration regarded these Chinese as squatters and found them a problem because they were physically distant from the machinery of British authority, which most of the Malayan population was not happy to see return to their country.When the Malayan <a href="https://beige.party/tags/CommunistParty" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#CommunistParty</a> received support from armed <a href="https://beige.party/tags/guerrillas" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#guerrillas</a> from Malaya and <a href="https://beige.party/tags/China" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#China</a>, the British, intent on restoring <a href="https://beige.party/tags/Imperial" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Imperial</a> rule to the peninsula, looked with additional distrust upon these rural Chinese. While some of the Chinese were certainly sympathetic to the communists, most were indifferent. The British concern was that the communist <a href="https://beige.party/tags/insurgents" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#insurgents</a> would receive support from the squatters in the form of food, neglecting the fact that the majority of the Chinese squatters were barely able to grow enough to support themselves. The Briggs plan required the forced relocation of the Chinese.The New Villages isolated the Chinese, and they were guarded by Malayan police and British Military Police and some troops. The Chinese could not leave the villages except under escort and nobody was allowed in without the permission of the guards, making them effectively prisons. The villages were built with running water and electricity, amenities absent from most Malayan villages, and health care and some educational facilities were provided. This caused resentment towards the British from the Malay outside the villages, who didn’t receive the same amenities, and the Chinese, who resented the forced relocation settlement.Although the New Villages, of which 450 were built, were an improvement over the forced detention camps of the Boer War, and death rates in the villages were roughly the same as for the rest of the country, there were racially motivated <a href="https://beige.party/tags/CollectivePunishments" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#CollectivePunishments</a> directed towards the Chinese population in the villages. <a href="https://beige.party/tags/Deportation" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Deportation</a> without trial by the administration was a common punishment for the Chinese. Law within the villages was the decision of the British. Many of the villages are still standing and in recent years have been restored to serve as tourist destinations by the Malaysian government with support from China.<a href="https://beige.party/tags/AsianMastodon" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#AsianMastodon</a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/SouthEastAsia" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#SouthEastAsia</a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/TootSEA" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#TootSEA</a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/ColonialismInAsia" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#ColonialismInAsia</a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/Decolonization" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Decolonization</a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/DecolonialLearning" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#DecolonialLearning</a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/ColonizerCrimes" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#ColonizerCrimes</a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/ColonialViolence" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#ColonialViolence</a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/Decolonize" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Decolonize</a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/AsianHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#AsianHistory</a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/MalaysianHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#MalaysianHistory</a> <a href="https://beige.party/tags/LearnYourColonialHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#LearnYourColonialHistory</a>

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